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H. Tanaka, D. R. Bassett, . Jr, S. K. Best, K. R. Baker et al., Seated versus standing cycling in 470 competitive road cyclists: uphill climbing and maximal oxygen uptake 472 FIGURE 1 ? Experimental protocol to determine the sit-1 to-stand transition power (SSTP) 483 SSTP was considered as the CPO at which the participants rose from the saddle during at 484 least 10 s. 485 486 FIGURE 2 ? 3D force and moment sensors. A. Pedal. B. Saddle Tube. C. Handlebars. 487 488 FIGURE 3 ? Theoretical model of the cyclist. For clarity only one side of the body is 489 represented. Red arrows represent external forces (saddle, pedals and handlebars), and 490 dashed red arrows represent reaction forces applied on the trunk at the hip and shoulder 491 levels calculated by inverse dynamics. Only the vertical components of these forces are 492 represented. White dots represent kinematic markers. Black dots represent joint centers 493 calculated using the SCoRE method. 494 495 FIGURE 4 ? Illustration of the mean saddle vertical reaction force and mean sum of forces 496 applied on the trunk (presented in Equation 1) patterns for all participants (n = 25) for CPO 497 = 20% of SSTP. 498 499 FIGURE 5 ? Vertical reaction force patterns presented along the crank cycle corresponding 500 to the minimum saddle vertical reaction force recorded for each CPO. Mean lefts (red line) 501 and rights (blue line) are presented ± one standard deviation. Data normalized by body-mass. 502 A. Saddle. B. Mass time acceleration of the trunk's center-of-mass, Shoulders. D. 503 Hips. 504 505 FIGURE 6 ? Evolution of the vertical reaction forces across CPOs. Diamonds: saddle vertical 506 reaction forces. Squares: product between the mass of the trunk and the acceleration of its 507 center of mass. Triangles: sum of the two hip vertical reaction forces. White circles: sum of 508 the two shoulder vertical reaction forces. Black dots: weight of the 26 head and trunk. Each 509 data point corresponds to the instantaneous vertical force observed while the saddle vertical 510 force was minimal. Positive values indicate upward reaction forces (except for the trunk's 511 weight, pp.471-149, 1996.